机构互联网这里：应对技术治理新挑战

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　Contents

　3 For ewor d

　 4 Executive

　summary

　 6 1

　Part

　One:

　The

　inter net

　of

　bodies

　is

　her e

　 7 1.1 The

　human

　body

　as

　a

　technology

　platform

　 8 1.2 Data-enabled

　social

　benefits

　 10

　1.3 Risks

　associated

　with

　the

　inter net

　of

　bodies

　 13 2

　Part

　T wo: Gover nance

　of

　inter net

　of

　bodies

　data

　 14 2.1 Data

　regulatory

　landscape

　in

　the

　US

　and

　EU

　 18

　2.2 New

　governance

　challenges

　in

　the

　age

　of

　big

　data

　 21

　2.3 Envisioning

　possibilities

　and

　options

　 23

　Contributors

　 25

　Endnotes

　©

　2020

　W orld

　Economic

　Forum.

　All

　rights r eserved.

　No

　part

　of

　this

　publication

　may be

　r epr oduced

　or

　transmitted

　in

　any

　form or

　by

　any

　means,

　including

　photocopying and

　r ecording,

　or

　by

　any

　information storage

　and

　retrieval

　system.

　July

　2020

　The Internet

　of

　Bodies

　Is

　Here: T ackling

　new

　challenges

　of

　technology

　governance

　 For ewor d

　As

　new

　technologies

　integrate

　with

　the human

　body,

　the

　opportunities

　–

　and

　risks

　–

　abound.

　Xiao Liu

　McGill

　University

　Faculty

　Fellow at

　the

　W orld

　Economic

　Forum Centr e

　for

　the

　Fourth

　Industrial Revolution;

　W ilson

　China

　Fellow

　Jef f

　Merritt

　Head

　of

　Inter net

　of

　Things, Robotics

　and

　Smart

　Cities, Member

　of

　Executive Committee,

　W orld

　Economic Forum

　 In

　the

　wake

　of

　the

　COVID-19

　pandemic,

　wearable technologies

　such

　as

　health

　and

　location

　trackers have

　been

　thrust

　into

　the

　public

　spotlight

　–

　spurring not

　only

　excitement

　about

　their

　potential

　benefits but also

　debate

　over

　their

　potential

　risks.

　Could these

　devices

　help

　public

　health

　authorities

　better predict,

　manage

　and

　avert

　futur e

　outbr eaks?

　How might

　employers

　use

　data

　fr om

　wearable devices

　to

　safely

　r eopen

　businesses?

　What

　are

　the

　implications

　for

　privacy

　and

　equity?

　How might this

　data

　be

　abused

　or

　used

　for

　other

　intended purposes

　such

　as

　public

　surveillance?

　 These

　questions

　are

　at

　the

　heart

　of

　new

　ef forts by

　the

　W orld

　Economic

　Forum,

　in

　collaboration with

　public

　health

　authorities,

　leading

　technology companies

　and

　other

　stakeholders,

　to

　develop

　and

　pilot

　new

　appr oaches

　for

　the

　ethical

　tr eatment and

　sharing

　of

　health

　data

　collected

　by

　consumer wearable

　devices. 1

　 This

　paper

　aims

　to

　take

　these

　ef forts

　one

　step further , looking

　beyond

　the

　scope

　of

　wearable

　devices

　at

　the

　br oader

　ecosystem

　of

　connected technologies

　that

　is

　coming

　together

　to

　cr eate “the

　inter net

　of

　bodies”

　(IoB).

　As

　with

　any

　area

　of

　emerging

　technology,

　the

　IoB

　is

　evolving

　rapidly

　and its

　futur e

　is

　unknown.

　It

　is

　for

　exactly

　this

　reason

　that

　car eful

　attention

　and

　thought

　–

　not

　simply

　on the

　part

　of

　business

　but fr om

　gover nment,

　civil society

　and

　the

　public

　at

　large

　–

　is

　requir ed.

　 W e

　stand

　at

　the

　beginning

　of

　an

　important

　public dialogue

　that

　will

　have

　major

　implications

　for

　public health,

　safety

　and

　the

　global

　economy

　and

　may

　also ultimately

　challenge

　how

　we

　think

　about

　our

　bodies and

　what

　it

　means

　to

　be

　human.

　 This

　paper

　does

　not

　claim

　to

　pr ovide

　a compr ehensive

　view

　of

　all

　of

　the

　many

　facets

　of

　the IoB.

　However , it

　pr ovides

　a

　glimpse

　of

　the

　myriad

　of complex

　issues

　that

　can

　arise

　when

　the

　cyber

　and physical

　worlds

　come

　together . W e

　invite

　you

　to

　join us

　in

　this

　important

　work to

　shape

　the

　development, use

　and

　impact

　of

　these

　technologies

　for

　the

　benefit of

　all

　society.

　E xecutive

　summary

　T o

　r ealize

　the

　full

　potential

　of

　the

　inter net of

　bodies,

　we

　need

　r obust,

　up-to-date governance

　frameworks.

　The internet of

　things

　(IoT) is

　incr easingly entangling

　with human

　bodies.

　The

　inter net

　of

　things

　(IoT)

　is

　incr easingly

　entangling with

　human

　bodies.

　This

　emergence

　and

　fast expansion

　of

　the

　“internet

　of

　bodies”

　(IoB)

　–

　the network

　of

　human

　bodies

　and

　data

　through connected

　sensors

　–

　while

　of fering

　enormous

　social and

　health

　benefits,

　also

　raises

　new

　challenges

　of technology

　governance.

　 With

　an

　unprecedented

　number

　of

　sensors attached

　to, implanted

　within

　or

　ingested

　into human

　bodies

　to

　monitor , analyse

　and

　even modify

　human

　bodies

　and

　behaviour , immediate

　actions

　are

　needed

　to

　addr ess

　the

　ethical

　and

　legal considerations

　that

　come

　with

　the

　IoB.

　The

　urgency of

　such

　actions

　is

　further

　brought

　to

　the

　for efr ont

　by

　the

　global

　COVID-19

　pandemic,

　with

　extensive IoB

　technologies

　and

　data

　being

　enlisted

　for

　the surveillance

　and

　tracking

　of

　cor onavirus.

　 This

　white

　paper

　comprises

　two

　parts.

　Part

　one pr ovides

　a

　landscape

　review

　of

　IoB

　technologies, as

　well

　as

　their

　benefits

　and

　risks.

　An

　examination of

　the

　ecosystem

　shows

　that

　IoB

　technologies are

　deployed

　not

　only

　in

　medical

　scenarios

　but also

　across

　dif fer ent

　sectors,

　fr om

　fitness

　and health

　management

　to

　employment

　settings

　and entertainment.

　The

　accelerating

　convergence

　of

　consumer

　devices

　and

　health/medical

　devices

　also shows

　that

　the

　line

　between

　medical

　and

　non- medical

　IoB

　devices

　is

　blurring.

　This

　suggests

　that new

　strategies

　of

　governance

　are

　needed

　for

　IoB devices,

　which

　are

　traditionally

　subject

　to

　dif fer ent regulatory

　agencies

　and

　rules.

　 It

　is

　worth

　noting

　that

　this

　white

　paper

　will

　not

　delve into

　gaming

　and

　virtual

　r eality

　(VR)

　devices

　nor

　the data

　fr om

　them.

　While

　r elated,

　these

　devices

　raise distinct

　issues

　fr om

　the

　mor e

　traditional

　health

　and fitness

　devices.

　Part

　two

　examines

　the

　governance

　of

　IoB

　data

　– focusing,

　in

　particular , on

　the

　regulatory

　landscape

　in the

　United

　States,

　with

　a

　comparative

　perspective

　of regulation

　in

　the

　Eur opean

　Union.

　This

　part

　examines current

　regulatory

　appr oaches

　to

　IoB

　data,

　as

　well

　as

　the

　challenges

　raised

　by

　the

　rapidly

　shifting ecosystem,

　especially

　the

　wide

　adoption

　of

　big

　data

　algorithms.

　Whereas

　IoB

　technologies

　also

　entail

　other issues

　such

　as

　the

　physical

　ef fects

　of

　devices

　on

　users and

　liability

　for

　physical

　harms,

　this

　paper

　focuses

　only

　on

　the

　governance

　of

　data

　generated

　fr om

　IoB, particularly

　fr om

　health

　and

　wellness

　IoB

　devices.

　 T wo main

　findings

　for

　policy-makers

　and stakeholders

　are

　highlighted.

　First,

　br oad

　adoption of

　the

　IoB

　and

　fr equent

　flows

　of

　IoB

　data

　across

　scenarios

　and

　sectors

　requires

　r obust

　and

　consistent governance

　frameworks

　in

　both the

　medical

　and

　non-medical

　sectors.

　This

　is

　particularly

　the

　case for

　IoB

　data

　governance

　as,

　while

　clinically

　derived data

　is

　in

　general

　strictly

　r egulated,

　the

　regulation of

　consumer-generated

　data

　and

　other

　non-clinical

　data

　is

　often,

　given

　the

　sensitivity

　of

　the

　data,

　uneven in

　terms

　of

　coverage

　and

　strength

　across

　sectors and

　jurisdictions;

　this

　is

　the

　case

　in,

　for

　example,

　the

　United

　States.

　Second,

　IoB

　data

　governance appr oaches

　and

　data

　pr otection

　laws

　need

　urgent updates

　to

　addr ess

　the

　risk

　of

　privacy,

　unfairness and

　discrimination

　brought

　about

　by

　common practices

　of

　big

　data

　analytics.

　This

　risk

　pr esented

　by big

　data

　analytics

　exists

　with

　both medical

　data

　and non-medical

　data,

　as

　even

　deidentified

　medical

　data can

　be

　reidentified

　or

　misused

　in

　a

　way

　that

　causes harm

　and

　discrimination

　to

　individuals

　and

　gr oups.

　 W e

　ther efor e

　urge

　stakeholders

　fr om

　across sectors,

　industries

　and

　geographies

　to

　work together

　to

　mitigate

　the

　risks

　in

　order

　to

　fully unleash

　the

　potential

　of

　the

　IoB.

　Part

　One: The internet of

　bodies

　is

　her e

　Recent

　advancements

　in

　the

　inter net

　of things

　are

　transforming

　the

　human

　body into

　a

　new

　technology

　platform.

　1

　 1.1 The human

　body

　as

　a

　technology

　platform

　Recent

　technological

　advancements

　have

　usher ed in

　a

　new

　era

　of

　the

　“internet

　of

　bodies”

　(IoB),

　with an

　unprecedented

　number

　of

　connected

　devices and

　sensors

　being

　af fixed

　to

　or

　even

　implanted and

　ingested

　into

　the

　human

　body.

　The

　IoB generates

　tr emendous

　amounts

　of

　biometric

　and human

　behavioural

　data.

　This

　is,

　in

　turn,

　fuelling the

　transformation

　of

　health

　resear ch

　and

　industry, as

　well

　as

　other

　aspects

　of

　social

　life,

　such

　as

　the adoption

　of

　IoB

　in

　work settings,

　or

　the

　pr ovision

　of new

　options

　for

　entertainment

　–

　all

　with

　r emarkable data-driven

　innovations

　and

　social

　benefits.

　Y et

　the

　IoB

　also

　raises

　new

　challenges

　for

　data

　governance that

　concer n

　not

　only

　individual

　privacy

　and autonomy

　but also

　new

　risks

　of

　discrimination

　and bias

　in

　employment,

　education,

　finance,

　access

　to health

　insurance

　and

　other

　important

　ar eas

　for

　the distribution

　of

　social

　r esour ces.

　 Generally,

　IoB

　technologies

　include

　medical devices,

　a

　variety

　of

　lifestyle

　and

　fitness

　tracking devices,

　other

　smart

　consumer

　devices

　that

　stay

　in

　pr oximity

　to

　the

　human

　body

　and

　an

　expanding range

　of

　body-attached

　or

　embedded

　devices that

　are

　deployed

　in

　enterprise,

　educational

　and r ecr eational

　scenarios.

　It

　is

　worth

　noting

　that

　the

　IoB

　technologies

　examined

　her e

　are

　mostly “personal

　devices”,

　in

　the

　sense

　that

　the

　devices always

　develop

　a

　r elatively

　stable

　relationship

　with

　the

　individual

　body

　of

　the

　user

　over

　a

　regular , extended

　period

　of

　contact. This,

　ther efore, excludes

　the

　type

　of

　biometric

　technologies

　that are

　installed

　in

　public

　and

　private

　spaces,

　such

　as

　facial

　r ecognition

　systems,

　fingerprint

　sensors

　and r etinal

　scanners,

　which

　focus

　on

　collecting

　and pr ocessing

　the

　data

　of

　a

　large

　population

　or

　gr oup rather

　than

　particular

　individuals.

　 As

　r efle...